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Waco "Revelations" Evaporate Into Hot Air
by The Editors
Sunday, September 5, 1999 -- NEW YORK -- Save for John McLaughlin, the parade of pundits obsessed over new revelations that FBI agents fired a couple of tear gas canisters at a concrete bunker six hours before the siege at the Branch Davidian compound ended with gun-hoarding nutcase David Koresh and his religious followers mostly dead.
The Sabbath blowhards provided plenty of misleading and incomplete information to whip conspiracy nuts and haters of law enforcement agencies into a frenzy.
There was also much talk of a so-called "disagreement" between Bill and Hillary Clinton concerning the former's offer of clemency to some 11 members of the FALN presently in jail for their role in a number of attacks in the name of Puerto Rican independence -- acts that included the murder of policemen, but not by those offered clemency.
We feel Clinton erred pretty badly in offering clemency to these individuals -- but an even worse crime was committed by the vague and misleading words of the usual gang of Beltway insiders, who would have you think that the FALN members in question were the actual killers, which they weren't.
Here's how it all played out:
Fox Spin Sunday
Tony Snow Provides Raw Meat For Conspiracy Nuts
 Tony Snows the viewers -- again. |
Will Roger Ailes and the Fox News cadre stop at nothing to revive the Cold War -- and "prove" that the Clinton Administration is complicit in "high crimes?"
This week, FNS focused on allegations that the Russian mob used American banks to launder billions of dollars -- implicitly declaring an out-of-control Russia our "enemy." And we got our first laugh of the day from FNS even before it went on the air -- from their web site!
 Joe Biden -- awash in Russian Mob rubles? No -- but don't tell that to the art director at the Fox web site! |
Senators Mitch McConnell and Biden were the first two guests. Tony Snow opened the show by throwing out a question giving McConnell a pass to claim that he had tried to "condition" aid to Russia on controlling their organized crime element. Tony asked Biden about the next IMF loan -- and Biden broke from the script by pointing out the obvious. First, he said that destroying warheads and keeping a lid on nuclear weapons was issue one with Russia, and second, every ex-Communist state has had problems with corrupt apparatchiks using their positions to get rich. Biden also pointed out that Yeltsin vetoed a Duma bill that would have put the brakes on money laundering.
McConnell then lied twice, saying that Gore was "in charge" of our Russia policy and that the Administration was acting "as if they don't want to be dropped from Yeltsin's Christmas list."
He's got the latter completely backwards, and as for the former, the buck stops with Clinton.
And Biden played McConnell for the fool he is, pointing out again that nukes are priority one, and that it will take a generation to get Russia on the track to a "fair" free-market system.
Tony tried to make Gore look bad by saying that he had "shaken hands" with an alleged Russian mobster and invited him to a fundraiser.
Hey, Tony, you want to tip off this alleged mobster -- who apparently is under investigation by US law enforcement -- by dropping him from an invite list? Do you think we're dumb? Even Biden said in so many words that it's impossible for politicians to know if the people they schmooze and fundraise with are 100% on the up-and-up.
McConnell tried unconvincingly to accuse Clinton of "Moscow myopia," and cited Yeltsin's 2% approval rating. Hey, Mitch, we thought the GOP position was that approval ratings aren't important! Biden continued -- rightly, we think -- to talk about destroying nuclear weapons.
Tony shifted gears, asking Biden if the Kosovo Liberation Army would disarm in time, and Biden said he thought so -- and added that KFOR is looking at ways to give the KLA some official non-uniformed responsibility. Tony set up McConnell with a naysaying "[the KLA] are the army, in fact" question, but McConnell said that things are going great -- and Biden praised McConnell for being ahead of the curve on getting the KLA involved in a non-military capacity.
Tony asked about the latest Waco "revelations," and Biden said that he was disappointed -- and that it "reinforces the black helicopter guys" and conspirawackos. He added that the pyrotechnic tear gas weapons appear not to have started the fire.
Of course, any idiot would tell you that the overwhelming evidence shows that the FBI made mistakes -- and that Koresh and his thugs shot his followers in the head, then set the fire.
Tony asked Biden if Clinton should withdraw his offer of clemency to members of the FALN. McConnell said he was "amazed" that Hillary Clinton said it should be withdrawn. Biden admitted he knew little about it.
A shame -- if Biden had done his homework, he would have undone Tony's spin of offering "freedom" to "terrorists" with the following facts: the clemency went to car thieves, not people involved in murder among the many conditions of the clemency is one that would prevent the convicted parties from ever having contact with each other or FALN members again; this includes some prisoners that are related to each other.
At last report, the conditions have been found unacceptable by all of those who have been offered clemency.
Spots: ADM Sprint, Fox Sports.
Tony then turned to Waco: are we at the beginning of more revelations?
The segment was designed with one goal in mind: to provide more raw meat to conspiracy nuts.
Tony's guests included Michael McNulty, who claimed that Delta Force hostage rescue personnel "were involved…. There were lies [but] no sex." That had us laughing out loud -- because there WAS sex. Between David Koresh and twelve-year-olds. McNutCase sounded like a wacko -- and proved it when he gushed about turning over "evidence" to the single most irresponsible and crooked member of the House, "Daddy" Dan Burton.
The other guest, David Hardy, claimed that pyrotechnic rounds "would start a fire like you wouldn't believe" -- but nobody mentioned that his opinion contradicts the expert opinion of numerous others.
Both guests were pushing the theory of a "massive cover-up," and the context of the segment tried to pin it on DOJ and Janet Reno. McNulty claimed that canisters used in the Waco siege were in fact "pyrophoric" (incendiary, meant to start a fire). But Juan Williams pointed out that Jane's Defense Weekly contradicted this claim.
Score one for Juan.
Juan also nailed David Hardy by asking him if he felt it was "government propaganda" when investigative branches of the government claim that Koresh and his followers had a suicide pact (based, we would point out, on some very damning evidence). Hardy claimed that "the FBI was getting desperate" -- and then outrageously implied that the FBI caused the fire.
McNulty claimed that he had new "proof" that the FBI was firing at the back of the building and that there were 18 people found dead in that area. Tony: "Were they unarmed?" McNulty had to admit that they were armed -- but then claimed that there may have been "mercy killings" by Branch Davidians to avoid "agony" of being burned to death.
Mercy killings? What kind of wacko nonsense is this? It was stone-cold murder by Koresh, committed on his own followers!
Richard Schwien, an FBI agent who had been on the scene, was the next guest, and unequivocally denied that there was such a shootout. He even nailed Tony on the use of the word "incendiary rounds." Tony said that he had "stipulated" that they were pyrotechnics. Tony looked uncomfortable, having been caught weasel-wording this one.
Juan asked Schwein about the presence of Delta Force personnel -- and Schwein pointed out that no general would risk his stars on violating posse comitatus laws.
After being asked "why the siege" and discussing Koresh's violation of gun laws, Schwein added that people forget one important fact: four federal agents were murdered by the Koresh gang, and that Koresh issued many threats over the period of the siege.
He should have mentioned Koresh's rape of kids as young as 12.
Spots: IBM, Salomon Smith Barney, Fox Sports, local spots for Ford, New Orleans tourist board, Toyota.
Tony then turned to the question of whether kids are getting a good education. You could easily anticipate the answer Fox would push. The guest: Ted Forstmann of the Children's Scholarship Fund
Forstmann characterized the public schools as a "monopoly" and that pay-through-aid education in the US is a $400 billion dollar enterprise rigged against those who want to open schools -- and that the government should give the money to parents to choose the school they want to go to.
Brit Hume (sounding disappointed) said that Forstmann hadn't mentioned parochial schools. Forstmann claimed that the Founding Fathers were opposed to government-funded schools, and that the Catholics "caused" the present public education system!
We were rolling on the floor. Well, we have to concede that the Founding Fathers were right on education -- just as they were on denying the vote to non-landowners and making the US a slavery haven!
The segment was an infomercial for privatization of the public school system -- which anyone who has seen the result of most "privatization" initiatives will tell you is a stupid idea. Forstmann was full of the usual pap platitudes: "Does the child exist for the benefit of the system, or does the system exist for the benefit of the child?…. You cannot fix a monopoly…. The game is all rigged."
Tony Snow mentioned that stealth segregationist Trent Lott was on his board -- along with Tom Daschle. Forstmann said that both were in favor of "competition."
Right. Just like Wackenhut competing with the Defense Department to protect the security of our defense labs.
Spots: Morningstar Farms, Fox shows, local spots for Room Plus, local Fox shows.
Topic one of panel time: the Clinton's new house and Terry McAuliffe putting up the money to guarantee the loan. The usual dissing of the Clintons (bad credit risks, freeloaders) ensued -- but there was nary a word about the fact that when Ronald "Red-Ink" Reagan left office, his pals bought him a mansion in Bel Air that is now conservatively valued at $8 million.
Yawn.
We tuned out until the panel turned to "ClemencyGate" -- and Mara Liasson, bless her, was the only person to explain the real story. She pointed out that Hillary Clinton thinks that now that the felons which Clinton offered to pardon (under some very strict conditions) have not accepted the clemency, and she feels the offer should be yanked.
We think it was a mistake to offer clemency in the first place. Now, none of the felons offered clemency did commit murder -- but they were stealing cars for the FALN and offering support for a terror campaign. No matter how many conditions are on the pardon -- and there were a lot of conditions -- this was a bad idea.
Brit chimed in with, "These people [the Clintons] will try anything!"
Right, Brit -- like seeing to it that kids have health insurance, handguns are put under stringent control, and public education, Social Security and Medicare are protected.
And YOU, Brit, will try anything to cast the Clintons in the worst possible light. As if we haven't figured that out.
Talk turned to Waco. Juan said there should be full disclosure -- and it looks like there now is! He doesn't see how a case can be made that the FBI started the fire, and Brit surprised us by saying that he can't see how "there is any -- ANY -- evidence of this." Brit even dissed the "black helicopter" nut-jobs himself!
Now, we still think that the FBI blew it -- and worse. But we relished the irony of the FNS panel undermining the very conspirawacko scenario that Tony's "expert" guests set up.
There was the usual slamming of Janet Reno -- and Democrats slamming GOPers for claiming that congressional hearings become circuses.
Spots: Salomon Smith Barney, IBM, ADM, Fox Sports.
Tony's final word, on who is responsible for the confusion over the Waco debacle, blamed "you and me" for wanting government to solve all our problems.
C'mon, Tony, this "nanny state" nonsense is getting old -- and most people disagree.
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This Weak
Sam Donaldson -- Back and Nastier Than Ever
 Sam's moll Cokie Roberts. |
Sam Donaldson: "The FBI used incendiary devices."
That's right -- Mr. Bad Toupee is back -- and the first thing out of his mouth was a lie.
It is unconscionable that Sam would not know the difference between incendiary and pyrotechnic devices by now, especially on such a high-profile story.
After the opening credits, Sam said "We're going to find out who lied, who told the truth…"
We know who lied, Sam -- you did, less than ten seconds into This Weak.
Cokie then asked guest one, Sen. Chuck Schumer, about the "disagreement" between the Clintons over clemency for 16 FALN members in prison. Sam asked Sen. Phil Gramm why Hillary Clinton is "distancing" herself from the President's clemencies.
Distancing? They pretty much sound the same on the issue -- but what Hillary really said was that after two weeks and no takers on the offer, it's time to pull the plug on the deal!
Gramm claimed that it was an "effort to manipulate politics in New York that blew up in their face" and claimed that the clemency was contingent on their promise "not to do it again." Gramm was lying or does not know the facts: that there are waaaaay more conditions on the prisoners than a "promise." Gramm, turning the lie into spin, claimed that the same sort of "promise not to do it again" would allow everyone in prison to be eligible for release.
Will asked Gramm about holding hearings -- and Gramm claimed that the FALNers offered clemency committed terrorist acts. Hey, Phil -- THEY DIDN'T. They supported the acts but did NOT commit them. Either get your facts straight before you open your mouth, or, if you did know the facts, stop lying.
Following the break, Sam and Cokie pushed calls by some members of Congress for Janet Reno to resign over Waco. And Cokie asked Gramm: why Reno, why not FBI Director Louis Freeh? Gramm said something about "numerous breaches of security of Los Alamos"!! Cokie cut Gramm off, asking if that was the FBI's fault! It was priceless -- Gramm had to shift quickly, calling the lack of oversight Reno's fault. So Cokie asked Gramm about Reno evidently having been lied to -- and the best Gramm could do is say that she "is not good at finding out…. She is giving good intentions a bad name."
Bullpucks, Phil -- if FBI officials are lying for political reasons or to hide evidence, Reno cannot be blamed. In fact, once the facts are on the table, heads WILL roll -- and Reno will do the chopping.
And Schumer fired a round at the FBI ("the two canisters indicate that the FBI is not coming clean") and then cited the overwhelming evidence that the Davidians set the fires in at least three areas of the compounds.
Will asked Gramm if Reno was "managerially incompetent," giving Gramm the chance to claim that "you can't trust the Attorney General" while trying to claim that "it plays into conspiracy theories… I'm not choosing sides…"
Not choosing sides? Oh, please, Gramm, you 'd love to see Reno lynched.
Sam and Schumer got into a little dust-up over "incendiary" devices, and Sam tried to get Schumer to say he blames Louis Freeh. But Schumer stuck to his key point -- the tear gas canisters in question could not have started the Davidian compound fire.
Cokie turned to "the role of the military" in the Waco siege -- "is it not something to be concerned about?"
Hey, Cokie -- nice job of implying that the military had an active role in the Waco debacle. But given the current state of world politics, conflict, and instability, I'd be concerned if the military were NOT allowed to observe a standoff between law enforcement and a bunch of heavily-armed religious crazies.
After the break, Sam and Cokie continued to talk Waco with guests Jerry Spence and Joe DiGenova. We won't waste your time with all the details of this segment -- which was calculated to feed more raw meet to anti-government conspiracy nuts.
But we will point out that DiGenova made much of "the President being fined $90,000 for lying in a civil case." Love that Joe -- he just can't let go of the failure of the trumped-up Paula Jones case to take down the man he so reviles, Bill Clinton -- let alone acknowledge that the fine came from an anti-Clinton and arguably corrupt judge!
The round table turned to the "extraordinary development" over clemency for "Puerto Rican terrorists." Extraordinary? Typical of This Weak, none of the panel acted as if they had the facts straight on who said what right -- although we're sure they know.
What ensued was one of the most hateful, mean-spirited roundtable segments we have ever seen on any of the Sunday talk shows: George Stephanopoulos started off by calling the Clintons "the gang that couldn't shoot straight." Cokie: "They say they didn't talk about it" -- implying that they were lying. Sam responded by saying -- catch this -- that he hears they don't talk to each other that much anymore. Will whined about the "parsing of words of recidivist liars." And Bill Kristol had not even gotten a word in edgewise at this point!
There you have it -- a picture of the First Couple as painted by the hyena-laughing, sniveling, back-slapping This Weak panel: a pair of opportunist liars who are not talking to each other in private who are out to steal a Senate seat for Hillary by buying the Puerto Rican vote, but with Hillary publicly disagreeing with her husband the President over total clemency for the FALN.
We ask you -- how many flaws, illogical or false conclusions and outright lies can you see in the above scenario?
Steph continued to characterize this as a "no-win situation for the First Lady." Of course it's no-win when a cabal of Sabbath gasbags continually spin, lie, and tear down people to boost their own pocketbooks and egos. We don't think that they even care about their reputations anymore.
Sam then turned to rumors that Erskine Bowles was going to put up money to help the Clintons buy a New York house, then pulled out. My God, This Week has turned into the Drudge Report!
Hey, ABC, here's an idea. Why not replace Sam with Matt Drudge? Now, Matt may get his facts wrong, but then, so does Sam -- and Matt's a helluva lot more entertaining and outrageous.
Following a final break, ABC revealed poll results that show that education is the number one issue in America today -- then played a clip of George W. Bush Jr. saying that "low expectations are the soft bigotry of today."
Well, we agree with the poll. And education should start with all of the Sunday pundits, who should come prepared with all of the facts -- not the half-truths and selective facts they shove down viewers' throats.
And as for "soft bigotry," BushBaby, your spin can't detract from the real, hard bigotry that fuels failure of school systems in disadvantaged areas in your own state that need funding to get first-rate teachers, and cost-effective programs that get and keep parents involved in the education process.
The panel praised BushBaby as a great man on education. Yeah, great -- if you consider defunding public schools as a praiseworthy goal.
Bush is out to keep the poor stupid, dependent and desperate.
We tuned out the rest of ABC's pathetic excuse for public affairs programming
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The McLaugh-In Group
Those Darned Immigrants!
 John McLaugh-In -- a disgruntled member of the white male minority. |
While the majority of pundits were approaching sexual excitement re the re-emergence of the Waco scandal, we thought we could count on John McLaughlin and General Electric to change the focus.
Of course, we were not disappointed. McLaughlin has decided to discuss "e-commerce America" and then segue into every neo-Nazi's favorite topic: restricting immigration.
We found it amusing that GE is one of the largest importers of foreign technical labor in the nation and, of course, has plants all over the world aimed at cutting salary levels for the general labor overheads. Naturally, GE employees overseas probably have no health care packages.
McLaughlin asked, "Do we need immigrants to help with E-Commerce?" The H1b immigration allowance gave foreign nationals (115,000 of them last year) the chance to move here for less pay to take jobs that business claimed "cannot" be filled by current American computer programmers.
Dan Stein, from FAIR, said this is a fraud -- but of course he is a pro labor guy.
Tony Blankley and Eleanor Clift said they think the program is beneficial for both business and the immigrants.
Frank Sharry of the National Immigration Forum gave a confused answer at the start -- but it is clear he is pro immigration as we are.
We agree that the immigrants are needed, except we think these people should be paid the same as their American peers. Yes, our own kids and the poor should be trained to fill these positions. But these people are needed now, not in three years.
After the mandatory GE commercials, McLaughlin showed clips of President Clinton telling a college audience that immigration is great. The National Academy of Science is with the President -- their latest report shows that immigrants pay, on average, $80,000 more in taxes than they ever receive in benefits. The average immigrant earns $8,000.00 a year -- and the rich are getting richer off their sweat. Nothing changes.
Stein, the immigrant basher, claimed that most of them are on welfare. Clift said "boo," and said yes -- they need help at the start, but go on to make great contributions. The idiot Stein made a snide remark to Clift, who said that her parent's home neighborhood of Jackson Heights, Queens, is now Hispanic in demographics, and "if you like it so much, why don't you move there?" Clift, not be put down by this mental midget, answered "I would be proud and happy to live in Jackson Heights Queens, thank you."
Sharry pointed out that immigration slammers cry "the sky is falling" -- yet during the past 10 years immigration is at an all time high and no horrors predicted have come to pass.
Stein, whose parents were most likely immigrants themselves, said he wants a 50 year (!) moratorium on immigration.
Sharry took the opposite view. Clift and Blankley said there might be a little more caution due, but leave the immigration doors open.
Then -- and we couldn't believe this -- McLaughlin began a veiled attack on the large group of Hispanic immigrants, saying that one cannot generalize about the Hispanic vote -- and he is right. Dan Stein, the moron, said that second generation Hispanics vote Republican because they are wealthier. Our media room erupted in laughter! Maybe we should ask the Kennedys and the ten million millionaire Democrat families if they vote Republican.
Issue Four: "Will you marry me.com" -- John is alarmed about mail-order brides! As many as 6,000 brides come from Asia and the Soviet Union. McLaughlin said these women find themselves "living a nightmare." The American husbands want control and they always pick stupid women, said the INS. As they get more sophisticated, these women realize the position they are in -- but cannot get out because they fear deportation.
Congress should make laws with allow these women to get out of abusive relationships without losing their immigration status -- that is the answer. Stein, of course, thinks that mail order brides should be banned. What a moron! If I go to Russia and meet the true love of my life, would I be banned from bringing her home after we are married because of this jerk's attitude? If this guy is actually a spokesperson for a large group, that group should think seriously about giving him the boot.
Predictions from the panel were, as usual, moronic.
Eat the Press
Russert is back -- and Clinton bashing is the name of his game!
Russert began his Clinton bashing on the FALN release issue -- which the First Lady is now "opposing." Russert, loving a scandal base in the death of 25 babies at Waco, sounded excited about this segment -- and Steve Forbes would also be another "issue." But Russert's big mistake of the week was having Mark Russell, the talentless idiot, as a closer.
Louis Gutierrez, congressman of Illinois, was the first guest. He had asked President Clinton to release 11 FALN members. Cardinal John J. O'Connor, ten Nobel laureates and Jimmy Carter have joined the move toward release. Russert bashed the First Lady for opposing the President when she supposedly supported it at the start. Gutierrez thinks that Hillary Clinton's opposition may stop the release and that these prisoners have now become prisoners of a political battle between the GOP and the White House. Gutierrez's arguments are weak for clemency. He said these 11 people were not indicted for killing or maiming anyone. Russert tells him that they did, however, support the bombing and the killing.
None of the these punks even defended themselves at trial. They literally gave the finger to our justice system.
We say, let's give them the finger now. These terrorists should be held for as long as they were sentenced. Their actions contributed to the killing of several policeman and injury of hundreds of others. Frankly, we don't care what the heck happens to Puerto Rico, and although that sounds harsh we must stick with our opinions already expressed on this issue -- that the President made a mistake offering their release and he should back down.
Russert, of course, wants to blame Hillary Clinton's reversal on her quest for the Senate. We happen to know that Hillary Clinton changed her mind after talking with people who were victims of these terrorists and their colleagues.
Orrin Hatch, who loves to be on television, said he is angry at Janet Reno because he requested prison reports on the attitudes of these terrorists and whether they might continue terrorism after their release. Thus far she has not sent the records.
Hatch misled here. He is not entitled to see these reports at all. However, we support Hatch in his call for the President to withdraw his clemency. Hatch is very angry over this. Hatch said that Clinton is trying to help Hillary but it backfired.
Well, gee that's funny -- inasmuch as Puerto Rican Americans have been asking for clemency for these trolls for 15 years.
Russert asks the same question that everyone has (he rarely comes up with his own): "Why did the President grant clemency to these people although he has had requests for more than 4,000 and granted only two up until this one."
Another point we'd like to make on this issue is that 96% of Puerto Ricans voted to stay part of the American system and against independence. So what the heck are these moron FALN terrorists fighting for? Please -- leave them to rot.
Gutierrez said "There is a lot of violence against 'us' too." Oh, brother. He compared this situation to Ireland and the Middle East -- but the truth is that a handful of extremists who bomb and terrify Americans is not in any way comparable to the situations in Ireland and the Middle East where participation is by the millions, not by the dozens.
Hatch commented on the FBI-Waco situation, as we knew he inevitably would. Justice, he claimed, is poorly run and poorly administered. He didn't comment about the FBI's taped conversation ordering that incendiary devices be fired despite the threat to the children inside. He preferred to "demand" some document that Janet Reno purportedly had in 1994 that showed this was true.
Orrin, please, give us a break, brother! You may be a professional Reno basher, but again you look silly in this posture. You should have simply said, "Let's see what this independent investigation uncovers."
Steve Forbes was the next guest. Forbes said that if he had been president he would have fired Reno long ago. He would not comment on Freeh, however -- because he's afraid what Freeh has on him and his family.
The truth is that neither Freeh nor Reno knew the FBI had fired incendiary devices. We look to agent Jamar for responsibility. Let's see.
Forbes, of course, suggested that President Clinton was willing to release terrorists to help his wife's senate race. Of course, this assumes two things: that the President is a moron and that the First Lady is and idiot. The Clintons are not political tyros. Bill Clinton was considering this clemency years before Hillary Clinton even thought about running for the Senate in New York. And by the way, there are a lot of Puerto Rican Americans in New York -- but the overwhelming supermajority are against the FALN, and the rest of the population has never supported their release.
Forbes said that he will engage Bush in a tough campaign -- which is political-speak for smashing his credibility, bringing up his past and the past of his father (which is worse). Hurray for Forbes, we say. We only hope he sticks by his word.
Forbes then said he supports the reversal of Roe v. Wade and right there lost 70% of the American woman's vote.
He doesn't care, however, because American Women won't support Bush either!
Ignored or Swept Under the Rug
None of the Sunday programs so much as mentioned the signing of a major agreement that broke a deadlock between Israel and the Palestinians to implement the land-for-security Wye River accord. This was a major coup for Madeleine Albright, the Clinton Administration, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and young Jordanian King Abdullah, filling the very large shoes of his late dad, king Hussein.
Of course, the story did not fit the agenda of the Sabbath Gasbags, who seem intent on finding anything to embarrass Bill Clinton and Al Gore over, while trying to keep attention focused on all the GOP presidential "mopefuls." Orrin Hatch and Steve Forbes got more airtime this Sunday than Bill Bradley seems to have gotten since he announced his intent to run for the Democrat nomination against VP Al Gore.
But then, that should not come as a big surprise.
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Copyright © 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, American Politics Journal Publications.
